People of varied religious backgrounds have associated psychedelics with enlightenment and spiritual practices for thousands of years. Records from 3780 to 3660 BCE mention use of peyote, while visual and written documentation of pre-Mayan cultures describe the use of psilocybin going back to 1500 BCE. Relics honoring the gods of the fungi were even used in Central and South America for Aztec Rituals, where psilocybin was served with honey or chocolate. These psychedelics and other entheogens are believed to have been used for even thousands of years prior, with the earliest potential record in humans displayed in cave paintings by 10,000 BCE indigenous peoples in northern Australia, full of mushroom iconography with a visible psychedelic theme.
In modern times, as recently as the 1970s, Indigenous tribes to the United States were determined to have a right to use psychedelic plants in their spiritual practices. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled that Indigenous can legally use peyote in their religious ceremonies if they adhere to specific regulations regarding its transport and sale. While this decision primarily focused on members of the Native American Church (NAC), it also extended rights to any group seeking an exemption from laws prohibiting non-medicinal uses of psychedelics based upon sincerely held religious beliefs.
Today, psychedelic use and religious protection is once again a major topic of conversation as more states across the nation move to decriminalize psychedelics. However, despite the history and previous rulings honoring said spiritual practices, some current measures contain no provisions for religious freedom.
Oregon Ballot Measure 109
In 2020, Oregon passed Ballot Measure 109 or the ‘Oregon Psilocybin Services Act’, allowing the “manufacture, delivery and administration” of psilocybin, putting the state on the map as the first to legalize psychedelics in the United States. Despite the sacred value of psychedelics to many religious groups, under the legislation there were no provisions for religious psychedelic use or services.
As a response, the Oregon Psilocybin Advisory Board presented a framework of proposed rules, Privileges and Duties of Entheogenic Practitioners, that would honor and protect the sacred right to use psilocybin for religious and spiritual purposes under Measure 109. With the state being a trailblazer for psychedelic legalization, the advisory board felt it imperative they set the right precedent for religious freedom. These measures would act independently of the original measure, aiming to supplement Oregon’s legislation while honoring psilocybin’s historic indigenous use and to address concerns made by the public that corporate wants have dominated the needs of communities that utilize psychedelics for spiritual practices.
The proposed framework consists of a series of sections outlining the qualifications to receive, practitioner privileges, and duties of both those receiving as well as all parties involved in administering.
Entheogenic Qualifications
The following are practitioner privileges under the proposed framework:
- [1] The Oregon Health Authority shall grant entheogenic practitioner privileges to an individual or legal entity that:
- Is or is affiliated with a nonprofit organization that was formed primarily for religious or spiritual purposes [a]
- Signs an attestation demonstrating that entheogenic practitioner privileges would advance the good faith practice of a sincerely held belief or conviction [b]
- Agrees to exercise their entheogenic practitioner privileges in accordance with the applicable special duties described in OAR 333- XXX-XXX4 [c]
- Agrees to exercise their entheogenic practitioner privileges in a manner that is not dangerous to the health of clients or others who are in the proximity of the clients [d]
- [2] The requirement of [1][b] does not apply to facilitator who is applying for entheogenic practitioner privileges
- [3] Notwithstanding [1] of this section, the authority shall be entitled to deny an application for entheogenic practitioner privileges if:
- The applicant has a history of conduct suggesting the applicant may not be willing or able to act in accordance with the duties described in OAR 333-XXX-XXX4 [a]
- The authority has previously suspended or revoked the applicant’s entheogenic practitioner privileges [b]
- [4] Eligibility for entheogenic practitioner privileges is limited only to:
- Individuals who hold a psilocybin services facilitator’s license [a]
- Nonprofit organizations who hold one or more psilocybin service center operator’s license [b]
- Nonprofit organizations who hold a psilocybin manufacturer’s license [c]
In order for a client to receive psilocybin services or products that utilize entheogenic practitioner privileges, the client must:
- [1] Complete standard intake and screening procedures and protocols;
- [2] Agree through informed consent to accept the elevated risks associated with particular entheogenic practitioner privileges being asserted, including if applicable the utilization of peer support assistance, consuming psilocybin products that were produced by an entheogenic manufacturer, and the supervision by a facilitator who is participating or is stationed outside of the ceremonial space
- [3] Either:
- Be formally affiliated with an entheogenic service center [a]
- Sign an attestation demonstrating a good faith intention to explore his/her/their religion or spirituality [b]
- [4] Agree to conduct themselves in a manner that is not dangerous to the health of the client or others who are in the proximity of the client
- [5] Receive information about the available procedures for filing a complaint with both the entheogenic service center and the Oregon Health Authority
- [6] Participate in or donate to a reciprocal exchange program
[Read the proposed entheogenic duties and privileges in full]
Earlier in June, the Oregon Psilocybin Advisory Board and Oregon Health Authority officials met privately with the state’s Department of Justice, to discuss the framework Privileges and Duties of Entheogenic Practitioners. Prior to this meeting, nearly 500 people signed a petition and members of the public urged the board to adopt the framework proposal.
One supporter expressed concern:
“As a founder of a sacred mushroom church, I’ve been following this for several months… I found it extremely problematic that the religious organizations are being treated the same as therapeutic organizations. It’s kind of offensive to me that we are subject to medical protocols and regulations when the medical establishment got the mushrooms from the spiritual practitioners.”
But much to the advocates dismay, the board still rejected the proposal without substantive discussion, dismissing Indigenous and religious protections, as well as racial justice and equity, in their rule-making. Presently, the health authority has until December 31 to publish final rules on Measure 109, while the Oregon Psilocybin Advisory Board recommendations are due on June 30, 2022. With one meeting remaining to discuss these details, those in favor of the framework proposal are continuing to urge officials to consider the importance of these inclusions.
Paving The Way for A National Precedent of Religious Freedom
Because Oregon is the only state in the country to have legalized psychedelics with a sponsored psilocybin-program, its framework offers an opportunity to honor psychedelic use while protecting religious rights. During these times in what has been coined a ‘new psychedelic renaissance’ it’s imperative the national precedent be one that prioritizes plant medicine’s spiritual and indigenous roots, something that aligns with our country’s foundation of religious liberty.
As more states and countries move to decriminalize low-level possession and similarly grant access to psychedelic therapies, topics such as religious freedom and equity must remain at the forefront of conversations. With such a historic medicine dating back thousands of years, we do all psychedelics a disservice to allow any programs that reinforce racial, health, and financial inequity systems.
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